II.2

GREEK NOTARY CONTRACTS  (16)

See also List of seals Nos. 21-43




For the sake of convenience private contracts drawn up by Greek notaries are classified under the double documents, although these contracts are not really double documents: they are never written down fully in duplicate as are common double documents, but only a short summary is scribbled down and sealed to the left of the original contract. It was doubtless, as Wolff (17)  has proposed, rather a Katagraphe-certificate, that is an official declaration by the notary that the transaction has been registered; the so-called scriptura interior is an excerpt from his register. The notary's certificate was sealed with only one clay seal, with just one impression. The seal was without any doubt that of the notary himself, since it concerns a declaration by him and since several such notary contracts, belonging to different owners, display the same seal-impression (18).
 

Figure 4: The scriptura interior of a notary contract visible (left) and sealed (right).





Three Ptolemaic double contracts from Thebes (19),  for instance, written down by the Greek notary (agoranomos) Apollonios, have the same seal impression, as Pestman has indicated (20):  the head of a bearded man with a head covering (see Plate). The seal on a fourth contract, being some years older and drawn up by the same Apollonios, bears no impression, but has been pressed with the fingertips [see List No. 22].

Further examples are to be found in the southern Egyptian towns of Krokodilopolis and Pathyris. The former town had a Greek notary office from 141 B.C. onwards; the office in Pathyris, attested for the first time in 136 B.C., was a branch of that in Krokodilopolis (21).  The seals of 18 double contracts have been preserved. According to the descriptions of the seals in the editions, two seals were primarily used by the notary-deputies Hermias I and Ammonios: one is described as a female profile with a helmet (22),  the other as a male head with diadem and horn (probably Alexander) (23).  A seal with the representation of Sarapis and Isis was used at least once by the above-mentioned Hermias I. The last notary of Pathyris, Hermias II, used still another seal, with the image of a female figure facing right, towards an object (a flower ?) (24).

The seals on the oldest notary contracts (until ca. 115 B.C.), however, do not seem to have an impression [see List Nos. 21, 22, 26]. Only the fingerprints of the sealer can sometimes be seen [see List No. 22]. Furthermore, at least one notary contract of a later date (99 B.C.), P. Lond. III 1206, does not have an impression in the seal [see List No. 37]. This curiosity is easy to explain. P. Lond. III 1206 is a temporary version of the contract. The seal on the final contract, P. Köln I 50, on the other hand, does have an impression [see List No. 34].
 



   (16) Cf. PESTMAN, Agoranomoi (1985), 35-37.
   (17) WOLFF, Das Recht (1978), 80 and 190-194.
   (18) See also WOLFF, Registration (1948), 53 and n. 1: "Horus son of Nechoutes was the purchaser in four of the cases where recognizable seals have been preserved, P. Adl. Gr. 5, 11, 12, 21. Nevertheless, the seal in no. 5 is different from that in the three other documents. This proves that the document was sealed with the seal of the agoranome; for no. 5 comes from the office of the agoranome Sosus, the three others from the office of the agoranome Paniscus"; id. 1978, 80.
   (19) PSI IX 1018 = List No. 23 (110 B.C.), PSI IX 1022 = List No. 24 (106 B.C.) and UPZ II 181 = List No. 25 (105 B.C.).
   (20) PESTMAN, Agoranomoi (1985), 35; ID., Theban Choachytes (1993), 326.
   (21) PESTMAN, L'agoranomie (1978), 203-210; ID., Agoranomoi (1985), 9-44; MESSERI, Agoranomi  (1980), 185-271.
   (22) P. Stras. II 89 = List No. 38 (99 B.C., by Hermias I) and P. Lond. III 1208 = List No. 42 (97 B.C., by Ammonios); that it concerns the same seal, see T.S. Pattie ad PESTMAN, Agoranomoi (1985), 36.
   (23) P. Adl. 12 = List No. 32 (101 B.C, by Hermias I); P. Köln I 50 = List No. 34 (99 B.C., by Hermias I); P. Lond. III 1207 = List No. 36 (99 B.C., by Hermias I, see T.S. Pattie ad PESTMAN, Agoranomoi (1985), 36); P. Adl. 11 and 21 = List Nos. 40 and 41 (both 98 B.C., by Ammonios).
  Uncertain are the images on the following seals: by Ammonios: P. Lond. VII 2191 = List No. 26 (116 B.C.); P. Lond. III 1204 = List No. 27 (113 B.C.: "female face turned to the left"); P. Adl. 3 = List No. 28 (112 B.C.); P. Stras. II 86 = List No. 29 (111 B.C.: part of the seal with "Kopfhinterteil, Haarflechten, Locken, Kopfschmuck od. dgl."); by Hermias I: P. Adl. 9 = List No. 31 (104 B.C., see commentary to P. Adl. 3); P. Lips. 2 = List No. 35 (99 B.C.); P. Lond. III 1206 = List No. 37 (99 B.C.); BGU III 999 = List No. 39 (99/98 B.C.).
  (24)  P. Lond. III 1209 = List No. 43 (89 B.C.).