II.5

Demotic Double Documents

See also List of seals Nos. 65-70


The practice of writing a document twice and sealing the scriptura interior was typically Greek. The Egyptians, however, had taken over this practice for some of their contracts (33),  especially for oaths (34) and acknowledgements of debts. On the latter type, a few seals have been preserved [see List Nos. 65-70].

Egyptian acknowledgements of debt could be written in a more official way, that is by the Egyptian notary (s?h, monogravfo") (35).  The latter acted as notary on behalf of the priests of a temple. The contracts  (36) he wrote down, began with an often lengthy dating formula; the contract itself started with "Has said NN (party 1) to NN (party 2)", continued with the clauses of the contract, and was concluded with the name of the notary. Four to sixteen witnesses signed the commitment. This type of contract was typically Egyptian and never took the form of a double document.

A less official manner for the Egyptians to acknowledge a debt was a commitment in "letter" style (/sª.t ) (37),  as it made use of the epistolary formulae: it started with a short date, followed by "It is NN (=party 1) who says to NN (=party 2)", and by the clauses of the contract. At the end, the writer of the acknowledgement recorded his name and four witnesses could sign the contract. This less official type of contract could take the appearance of a double document, apparently as an extra security. The scriptura interior was presumably sealed by the debtor, or less probably by the writer of the acknowledgement. Afterwards the document was handed over to the creditor, who could not alter the text. That the document was indeed kept by the creditor is proved by the fact that the scriptura interior of No. 65 only records the name of the debtor. As the creditor owned the contract, it was not necessary that his name be mentioned.

 



(33) SEIDL, Urkundenlehre (1937), 15-16 (15, n. 2: "Alle demotische Doppelurkunden weisen auch deutlich die Siegelspur auf"); id. 1962, 59 (with bibliography in n. 7) and 60; PESTMAN, in: Pap.Lugd.Bat. XVII, 103-104.
  (34) Cf. the Greek royal oaths, 2.1.4
  (35) ZAUZICH, Schreibertradition (1968), 2-3, 217-222; PESTMAN, Recueil  (1977), I 139-158
  (36) SEIDL, Rechtsgeschichte  (1962), 50-56.
  (37) SEIDL, Rechtsgeschichte  (1962), 56-58.